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  • Sandwich Bread Loaf | Qâf ScaleModels Gozo

    Sandwich Bread Loaf Making home bread is easy. We do not buy bread but make our own, and with a little patience and the correct utensils, anyone should be able to make their own bread loaves, rolls, or French sticks. When making your own bread you know what is in it and how it has been handled. In my locality we found the bread and pastries to be over-baked. If you prefer hard, crispy tops to your loaves, it is amazingly easy to do without over-baking them. ​ Large 2lb Soft Sandwich Bread Loaf – around 74% Hydration Bread Recipe ​ 435g - Strong White Flour - ideally it should have a protein level of 12.5 to 13g. 245g - Warm Water – roughly 40°C / 104°F in a jug or bowl 20g – Olive Oil 7g – Instant Dried Yeast OR 15g of Fresh Yeast 6g – Table Salt 6g – Granulated Sugar Word printable recipe PDF printable recipe Method Weigh 245g warm water in a container and stir in the 6g sugar , then the yeast and 20g extra virgin olive oil and stir until thoroughly mixed. ​ Cover and leave the yeast to begin to show signs that it is active (you should see bubbles on the surface of the mixture), this can take up to 10 minutes , but at lower temperatures, it may take a little longer. If the yeast shows no signs of being active, discard and use new yeast. I place the container in a bowl of warm water at 40°C and keep topping up as required. ​ Mix 435g - Strong White Flour and 6g salt in a separate bowl. ​ Mix active yeast mix with flour and knead correctly for at least 10 minutes (my video on bread making explains this). ​ Grease clean bowl with extra virgin olive oil, drop in the dough into the bowl, lift and turn so that there is olive oil on top of the dough. Cover and leave to prove for about 40 minutes (according to room temperature). I place the container in a tray of warm water at 40°C and keep topping up as required. After 40 minutes the dough should have doubled in size, if the room is cooler, let it prove longer. ​ I grease my 2lb bread tray with butter and then olive oil, and do not have problems with the bread sticking to the container. ​ Knead the dough for about 5-6 turns to get rid of the air and then shape the dough and place in a bread tin. You can dust the bread with flour at this time. I'm a paragraph. Click here to add your own text and edit me. It's easy. I put the bread tin with the dough into a large plastic container with about 30mls of warm water for the second prove. The plastic container has a tray in the bottom to prevent the bread tin from resting in the water. Cover with its lit and place in a tray of warm water to prove for about 40 minutes or until the dough has doubled in size. Preheat the oven to 190°C / 374°F or gas mark 5 . Place the bread tin into the oven and turn the heat down to 180°C / 356°F or gas mark 4 and cook for 15 minutes , the centre of the oven turning the bread tin and cooking for a further 15 minutes , for even cooking. *I have found that all ovens are not equal, mine, when set at 180°C its actual temperature is 160°C , so I must accommodate this variation by turning the dial to 200°C .

  • Choose a tripod | Qâf ScaleModels Gozo

    Choosing a Tripod 1. Weight A tripod’s weight should be considered from two perspectives. Will it be carried around? Used indoors? Or both? ​ I have: 2 x heavy tripods for indoor use. 4 x small tripods for tabletop, placing on low walls or a bonnet of a car. 1 x medium weight tripod for outdoor use - Remember that someone is going to need to carry it around. Mine attaches to my Bergan/rucksack which makes it easier to carry long distances. ​ 2. Stability Weight does not always equal stability. If possible, test the tripod with the camera on it along with the largest lens, light, flash, and microphone. Test it fully extended to see how stable it is. Will it be sturdy on a windy day? Will it take the knock of someone bumping it on the way past? Has it got hooks for weights? ​ 3. Leg Locks There is a lot of variation between manufacturers when it comes to the mechanisms used for locking legs into place. Often, it comes to personal preference, but secure locks are essential. My main tripods are Manfrotto, they offer quick-release locks that are stable, and I have found reliable. ​ 4. Leg Sections The number of sections used to alter the height on tripods can be a factor. If they have two sections, they will be longer when they are collapsed. Two is good because there is less playing around with extending and locking the legs, while three sections provide a more compact tripod when folded. ​ 5. Height How long is a piece of string? Depending on the type of photography, the height requirements of a tripod will vary. What is the maximum height needed? But also, how it operates at its minimum, and how big it is when it is all folded. In all honesty, having a tripod one can look into the camera’s eyepiece without having to bend is a bonus, there is nothing worse than a full day of leaning over to check the framing shots. ​ 6. Tripod Heads Tripod heads can either be bought with a tripod as a complete set or separately. One key aspect to consider about a tripod is how the camera attaches to it. There are numerous options available, and it is worth planning and considering the options, as the tripod head not only keeps your camera on the tripod but will determine how much flexibility you have once it is attached. ​ My preference is the quick release Manfrotto tripod heads, they are well built and extremely sturdy. Each of my cameras and GoPros have a Manfrotto tripod head fitted, so I can easily swap cameras or tripods. ​ The two main types of tripod heads are: ​ Ball and socket – are great for flexibility and moving your camera around, but I find them fiddley. ​ Pan and tilt – are great for locking into position and are usually more affordable. They are not as fluid to move around and take getting used to, but I prefer them.

  • Diodes | Qâf ScaleModels Gozo

    Diodes Diody jsou polovodičové součástky, které fungují jako jednosměrný spínač proudu. Diody umožňují snadný tok proudu v jednom směru, ale výrazně brání proudu protékat v opačném směru. Diody mají polaritu určenou anodou (kladný vodič) a katodou (záporný vodič). Mnoho diod umožňuje protékat proud pouze tehdy, když je na anodu přivedeno kladné napětí. Zloženie: 100% bavlna. Jsou také známé jako usměrňovače, protože mění střídavý proud (AC) na pulzující stejnosměrný proud (DC). Diody jsou dimenzovány podle jejich typu, napětí a proudové kapacity. Diody jsou k dispozici v mnoha konfiguracích, například: Kovové pouzdro Montáž na čep Plastové pouzdro s páskem Plastové pouzdro se zkosením Skleněné pouzdro Diody jsou předpjaté, když umožňují tok proudu, když jsou předpjaté, neumožňují tok proudu a fungují jako izolátor. Zloženie: 100% bavlna. Symbol šipky schématu diodového schématu ukazuje proti směru toku elektronů. Napětí aplikované na anodu je kladné vzhledem ke katodě. Napětí v diodě je také vyšší než prahové napětí, takže funguje jako zkrat a umožňuje protékání proudu. Pokud je katoda pozitivní vzhledem k anodě, je dioda obrácená. Poté bude fungovat jako otevřený obvod; proto neprotéká žádný proud. K čemu se diody používají? Zloženie: 100% bavlna. Ochrana proti zpětnému proudu Blokovací diody se používají v některých elektronických obvodech k ochraně, jako je náhodný problém se zpětným připojením: Nesprávné připojení stejnosměrného napájení Reverzní polarity Protože tok proudu ve špatném směru může poškodit ostatní součásti obvodu. Jednoduchý regulátor napětí Regulátory napětí se používají ke snížení vstupního napětí na požadovanou úroveň a udrží jej stabilní i přes výkyvy v napájení. Mohou také regulovat výstupní napětí, Zenerovy diody se obvykle používají jako regulátor napětí, protože jsou navrženy tak, aby fungovaly ve stavu obráceného předpětí, ale také se chovají jako normální signální diody, když jsou v předpětí.

  • RAID 5-10 | Qâf ScaleModels Gozo

    Raid 5 to 10 RAID 5, 6 and 10 RAID 5 is block-level striping with distributed parity that allocates parity with the data and needs all the HDDs but one to be present to operate. In this configuration, the array is not destroyed by a single drive failure. When an HDD fails any successive reads can be calculated from the distributed parity, so, the HDD failure is masked from the end-user. RAID 5 requires at least three disks and is often and is reliable a good system to use because if an HDD fails your data is safe on the other HDDs. ​ Also, if you replace the failed HDD with a new HDD it will automatically take over the function of the failed HDD. RAID 6 is block-level striping with double distributed parity that provides fault tolerance up to two failed HDDs. This makes larger RAID groups more practical, particularly for high-end systems. These days this is increasingly significant as large capacity HDDs prolong the time needed to recover from a single HDD failure. ​ Similar to RAID 5 , a single HDD failure results in reduced performance of the total array until the failed HDD has been replaced and the data has been rebuilt. RAID 10 , sometimes mentioned as RAID 1+0 mirroring and striping occurs. Data is written in stripes across primary disks that have been mirrored to the secondary disks. ​ This is the best RAID system, one I have used for a long time.

  • Airbrush Troubleshooting | Qâf ScaleModels Gozo

    Airbrush Troubleshooting Airbrushing comes with some inherent issues, these problems and troubleshooting them vary and can be experienced at any time no matter how experienced the user, here are a few. Bubbling in the gravity cup or suction bottle. ​ Can be caused by air pressure entering the paint reservoir. There are several reasons, most common are. ​ An air leak in the air cap or nozzle area. Solution – Tighten the loose Air Cap or Head. ​ Needle tip dry is dry and has blocked the nozzle. Solution - Clean or Replace the Tip Dry or Blocked Nozzle. ​ The air cap or head is loose. Solution – Replace worn or damaged nozzle seal. ​ The airbrush nozzle has a split. Solution – Replace the Split Nozzle. The spray pattern is off-centre . ​ Normally caused by a bent needle tip. The paint or fluid exits the airbrush and follows the bend on the tip of the needle. ​ Straighten the Needle Tip – This can be achieved with a flat sharpening stone or two pieces of 1” x 2” wood. I use a SharpenAir , which is a hand-held device designed specifically for repairing bent and damaged airbrush fluid needles. ​ Replace the Needle. Airbrush does not spray paint. ​ There are a few that can cause this, the most common are. A blocked nozzle often caused by poor cleaning. The solution for a Blocked Nozzle is to soak and clean the nozzle. ​ For a loose needle chucking nut when the needle is not moving with the trigger action. Solution - Check and tighten the needle chucking or locking the nut. ​ The paint consistency is too thick. Solution - Thin paint with appropriate thinner, reducer, water to a milky consistency. ​ Inappropriate low air pressure. Sometimes the paint can be slightly too thick, and the pressure is too low to atomize. Increase the air pressure accordingly. Airbrush sprays paint when the trigger is depressed for air. Caused because the needle is not sitting flush inside the nozzle or you have the wrong nozzle attached for the size of the needle. Otherwise, if the airbrush only sprays a blob of paint when the trigger is depressed then follow the Air On – Air Off method - first depress the trigger, then pull the trigger back for paint flow and then after spraying return the trigger forward before releasing the trigger/airflow. Shutting the paint flow off before the airflow will spray any residue paint off the tip of the needle. ​ Unscrew the needle locking nut. ​ Gradually push the needle forward until it rests inside the nozzle. ​ Tighten the needle-locking nut. Air pressure remains on when the trigger is released. Often due to many several reasons, like residue paint or solvents entering the air valve and affecting the air valve seal to swell or become sticky. A slack air valve closure or guide screw will not compress the air valve spring enough to fully return and shut off airflow. Disassemble internal air valve components and lubricate with airbrush lube and re-assemble. ​ Replace air valve seals if they appear eroded by solvents. ​ Tightening the air valve closure or guide screw will compress the air valve spring and shut off airflow. Poor spray or splattering of paint. There are several reasons, ranging from. Paint consistency. Solution - Reduce to a milky consistency. ​ Low air pressure. Increase air pressure until paint atomizes. ​ Damaged needle. Replace needle or repair using the SharpenAir device. ​ Tip dry or a partially blocked nozzle. Remove the needle and clean with a Q-Tip or cloth dampened using an airbrush cleaner (always wipe away, airbrush needles are very sharp). ​ Residue paint build-up in the needle cap, nozzle, or air cap. Clean and replace if indicated. Spray Spidering. Often caused if the paint has been over-thinned. Solution 1 - Add paint to the mix or reduce air pressure. ​ Solution 2 - Do not draw the trigger back so far or increase the distance from the surface. ​ Also, caused by spraying the paint too heavily on a non-porous surface. Solution - having the air pressure too high. Solution - Add paint to the mix or reduce air pressure.

  • Programming languages | Qâf ScaleModels Gozo

    Výpočetní What are Computer programming languages? Computer programming languages allow us to give instructions to a computer in a language the computer understands. Many human languages exist, there is also an assortment of Computer programming languages that programmers use to communicate with a computer. The portion of the language that a computer can understand is called a Binary. Translating programming language into binary is known as Compiling. Every language, from Pascal, C++, or Python, has its own distinctive features, although there are numerous similarities between each programming language. Computer languages permit computers to process large and complex lines of information rapidly and efficiently. There are lots of programming languages used in the industry today. The links below are three main languages I have used: ​ Pascal Python C++ HTML

  • Forum | Qâf ScaleModels Gozo

    Chcete-li vidět, jak to funguje, přejděte na zveřejněný web. Kategorie Všechny příspěvky Mé příspěvky Forum Welcome! Have a look around and join the discussions. Vytvořit nový příspěvek General Discussion Sledovat Zobrazení Příspěvky 943 Share stories, ideas, pictures and more! Questions & Answers Sledovat Zobrazení Příspěvky 40 Get answers and share knowledge. Nové příspěvky Игровые автоматы гном 5000 16. 1. 2023 कैसीनो रणनीतियों General Discussion 👉 कैसीनो रणनीतियों कैसीनो रणनीतियों अगर आप अच्छी खासी प्रेडिक्शन कर लेते हैं, तो इससे आप बहुत पैसे कमा सकते हैं, इस गेम को खेलने के लिए नीचे दिए गए स्टेप्स फॉलो करें :-, कैसीनो रणनीतियों. सबसे पहले आपको परिमेच कैसीनो ऑनलाइन वेबसाइट पर जाना होगा। उसके बाद आपको लाइव कसीनो का सेक्शन दिखेगा, उस पर क्लिक कर लीजिए। सट्टेबाज का कार्यालय "बाल्टबेट" ब्रांड प्रचार और उपयोगकर्ता दर्शकों से अधिक ध्यान आकर्षित नहीं कर सकता है। हालांकि, सट्टेबाज से उपहारों का लाभ लेने की इच्छा नए खिलाड़ियों को आकर्षित करती है ऐसा करने के लिए, आपको बस वर्तमान प्रोमो कोड खोजने की जरूरत है, जो आपको बुकमेकर से स्वागत बोनस प्राप्त करने का अधिकार देता है।, कैसीनो रणनीतियों. SIMPLE | EASY, कैसीनो रणनीतियों. MORE REWARDS. THIS GAME MIGHT BE HABIT FORMING OR FINANCIALLY RISKY PLAY RESPONSIBILY | TERMS & CONDITION APPLY. Live football copa america Clickedia रूलेट बोर्ड कैसीनो चिप्स रणनीति कार्ड गेम्स-ब्लैक : Amazon. 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  • Bracketing Shots | Qâf ScaleModels Gozo

    Bracketing Shots Bracketing One of the most useful techniques in photography is called bracketing, in other words, taking multiple photos of the same subject with different camera settings. Normally, bracketing is about changing your exposure: one photo at the meter’s recommendation, plus one under and one over. But exposure is not the only variable at play here. ​ Why Bracket Photos? Bracketing means you capture a sequence of photos while changing your camera settings from shot to shot. This means you end up with two or more photos of the same scene, with only a couple of differences in each shot. ​ Exposure bracketing is the most common kind of bracketing in photography, will usually ending up with one photo that is too dark, one that is too bright, and one with a correct exposure. But bracketing the focus distance will resulting in one photo that is front-focused, another that is back-focused, and one that is accurate. Some people consider bracketing takes up memory and wastes time. Especially if one knows what settings needed for an image, so, why bracket shots? There are two important reasons why bracketing is beneficial in photography. ​ 1. Playing it Safe Firstly, no matter how experienced a photographer the camera settings may be wrong. The three planned exposures, an overexposed, an underexposed, and one correct exposure will not always materialise that way. In their place, one may be extremely underexposed, another significantly underexposed photo, and another that is correct. ​ It is difficult to perfectly judge exposure in the field, especially in high-contrast light or other problematic conditions. Bracketing is a way to reduce potential problems by taking safeguards against common errors people generally make. Particularly for important potential one-time shots, it is a low-risk, high-reward procedure. ​ 2. Merging Photos Sometimes, bracketing is the only way to capture the photo required. For example, if shooting an ultra-high-contrast scene, one photo may not achieve the required results. A single image at normal exposure will lead to highlights that are too bright, and resulting in dark, noisy shadows. Occasionally this sort of problem can be rectified using a graduated ND (neutral density) filter, but the more practical option is to do things digitally. Take an underexposed photo so the highlights look good, plus an overexposed photo so the shadows are right. Then, combine the best parts of each photo into an HDR or luminosity blend. ​ Of course, one can go beyond a two-photo blend, by using three photos. For my part, I do not like blending exposures with more than 2/3 stop of exposure between them because the transition areas can look grainy. How to Do Exposure Bracketing The actual process of exposure bracketing is easy. In any semi-automatic mode, change your exposure compensation from shot to shot. In manual mode, change any of the three settings manually: aperture, shutter speed, or ISO. ​ Most decent cameras today allow the setup of automatic bracketing within the menu. When enabled, the camera will automatically change settings from shot to shot rather than making manual modifications. Some cameras only allow exposure bracketing, while others have bracketing options for JPEG settings, white balance, and other camera settings. Although bracketing is found in the menu, most modern cameras frequently assign a custom button to access this option quicker, while others have a specific bracketing button. ​ Which Exposure Setting Should You Bracket? Earlier, I stated that it is important to choose your bracketing setting carefully. Even though you can bracket shutter speed, aperture, and ISO just as easily as one another. ​ Aperture - since aperture affects depth of field it can be the worst setting to bracket. Creating an HDR from f/4 - f/5.6 - f/8 will result in an odd image, with unnatural transitions having blurry to sharp regions looking odd. A five-image bracket can be worse. ​ ISO – neither is adjusting the ISO setting, since each shot at different ISO settings will have distinctive levels of image quality. Anyway, an HDR shot at ISO 400, 800, and 1600 will not be improved over a single ISO 400 image. ​ Shutter Speed - the exposure setting is the setting one considers adjusting first. Especially if shooting from a tripod, and the subject is not moving. However, in scenes with quickly moving subjects and the potential for motion blur, the flexibility of bracketing shutter speed is limited. In action shots, ISO is often the better choice. Focus Bracketing ​ Focus bracketing is easier than exposure bracketing since there is only one setting under consideration: focus distance. Here, the goal comprises of focus stacking the images in post-processing later, like a group photo where everyone needs to be sharp but is unsure where to focus for the best result. Focus bracketing works best when overlapping the depth of field from shot to shot. But, if the steps are too wide, you can end up with an odd: sharp, blurry, sharp, blurry, sharp, etc. ​ So, when bracketing focus manually, take photos with smaller focus increments, and if possible review each photo afterward to check that the transitions are smooth. However, previews on a camera’s rear LCD look different than full-size images on a high-resolution monitor. ​ These days, many cameras today have a built-in focus stack feature to simplify this process. Focus on your nearest subject, tell the camera how many photos to take, and select a step size. I still recommend selecting lower increments than one might expect. It is also a good idea to test these features beforehand so you know how to use them correctly. ​ In theory, bracketing can refer to pretty much any variable in photography. You can bracket white balance, JPEG settings, long exposure noise reduction, flash settings, focal length, and much more. ​ If unsure what depth of field required, it is worth bracketing the aperture. Or, for a Milky Way photograph, consider using different ISO and shutter speed settings to obtain the best combination of noise performance and minimal star trails.

  • Long exposure landscape photography | Qâf ScaleModels Gozo

    Long exposure landscape photography I will discuss the practical aspects of long exposure landscape photography later, but first, we need to consider other key factors in getting quality long exposure photographs. Location is the key The first step in creating stunning long exposure images is choosing the correct landscape, one that is conducive to this kind of photography. Long exposures are ideal for conveying movement, but it can also be used to blur unwanted movement, removing the ripples or waves on a lake or sea scene can give a surreal feel. While showing a river, a waterfall, waves crashing onto a beach, or stormy passing clouds can depict movement and drama. Once a location has been identified, consider the time of day. The golden hour is undoubtedly the best time, and it happens twice a day. The golden hour is the short window of time right after sunrise and again right before sunset, when the air is filled with a flattering golden hue that is perfect for photographing everything from landscapes to portraits. During this time, the sun is low in the sky and more diffuse (and redder) than normal thanks to being filtered for a greater distance through the atmosphere. At golden hour, you will not find the harsh shadows seen at high noon. Because the sun is so low on the horizon, the light is directional, creating long, and soft shadows giving dimension to photographs. That soft dimensional light can be used to achieve creative effects that are not possible at other times of the day. So, when does the golden hour occur? It varies depending on the location, the time of year, and weather conditions. Apps, like PlanIt, can help determine sunrise, sunset times, the direction of the sunrise and sunset, and the optimum golden hour times. A general rule of thumb is that the golden hour is about an hour after sunrise and an hour before sunset. Subject matter Consider ways that can be incorporated into the frame, like static objects, a boulder or two, a tree, jetty, or island in a lake, icebergs, or a wreck on a beach. Walkabout looking for interesting subjects that might provide a focal point. Shoot in RAW ​RAW is a file format like jpeg, but unlike jpeg, it captures all the image data recorded by the camera’s sensor rather than compressing it. Shooting in RAW provides higher quality images but also allows for more control in post-processing. For instance, correcting underexposure problems or adjusting aspects like colour temperature, white balance, or contrast. ​However, one negative aspect of shooting in RAW is that the files take up more space, so I advise using larger SD or Micro SD Cards. Furthermore, RAW photos need some sort of post-processing, so photo editing software is essential. Set the cameras White Balance If the camera is set to Auto White Balance, it will compensate for all the beautiful warm tones you are there specifically for. Auto White Balance makes images bluer than required for the golden hour. In RAW, it is easy to adjust the white balance in post, nevertheless, it is still a good idea to manually set the white balance to get a better idea of what the scene is meant to look like. For beginners, a good initial point for beginners is setting it to shade or cloudy to help get the required golden hues. Aperture Priority mode Aperture Priority mode allows you to choose your aperture and the camera will automatically determine the best shutter speed. Set the ISO of the camera to 100 or lower if possible and let the camera decide the shutter speed. ISO determines the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light, so using the lowest value means that the sensor is minimally sensitive. Additionally, using the lowest ISO can minimize digital noise or grain in the shot. The less noise, the higher the image quality will be. Of course, a sturdy tripod is essential, and an external shutter release device or set the camera to a 2 or 5-second shutter delay to prevent camera shake. Post-processing Shooting in RAW will undoubtedly require some post-processing to enhance the look and feel of any long exposure landscape image. First consider increasing the blue primary in Lightroom or Photoshop as this will increase the vibrance of any rocks, boulders, tree trunks, etc. Then, think about enhancing colours by boosting saturation or vibrancy. Adjust the levels and curves to create an image with a more robust dynamic range. If you find areas of the shot are too bright or too dark, try your hand at dodging and burning to create a more well-exposed image throughout. ​ However, post-processing is all about personal preference and one’s own creative perspective on photography as it is to compose the shot taken on location. Always make small adjustments that you feel are necessary to create the image desired and keep the master copy unaltered and safe.

  • Resistors | Qâf ScaleModels Gozo

    Resistors Rezistory jsou pasivní dvousvorkové elektrické součásti, které ovlivňují elektrický odpor v prvku obvodu. V elektronických obvodech se rezistory používají ke snížení toku proudu, nastavení úrovní signálu, rozdělení napětí, zkreslení aktivních prvků a ukončení přenosových vedení, ale mají také další aplikace. V elektronických obvodech se používá řada typů rezistorů. Rezistory buď řídí tok proudu, nebo způsobují pokles napětí. Aby to bylo možné, musí mít rezistor nějakou formu „odporové“ nebo „odporové“ hodnoty. Proto jsou rezistory k dispozici v širokém rozsahu hodnot odporu od zlomků Ohm (Ω) po miliony Ohmů. Zloženie: 100% bavlna. Když je tělo rezistoru dostatečně velké na to, aby bylo možné číst tisk, například výkonové rezistory, hodnota odporu, tolerance a příkon se obecně vytisknou na tělo rezistoru ve formě čísel nebo písmen. Ale většina rezistorů je malá, tyto specifikace jsou zobrazeny jako barevné pásy, které označují jejich hodnoty odporu a tolerance spolu s fyzickou velikostí rezistoru udávající jeho příkon. Zloženie: 100% bavlna. Výpočet hodnot rezistoru „Levým“ nejdůležitějším barevným pruhem je pásmo, které je nejblíže spojovacímu vodiči, přičemž barevné pásy jsou čteny zleva doprava takto: Digit, Digit, Multiplier = Color, Color x 10 color in Ohm's (Ω) Například rezistor má následující barevné označení. Zloženie: 100% bavlna. Zloženie: 100% bavlna. Čtvrté a páté pásmo se používají k určení procentní tolerance odporu. Tolerance rezistoru je měřítkem odchylky rezistoru od zadané hodnoty odporu a je výsledkem výrobního procesu a vyjadřuje se jako procento jeho „nominální“ nebo preferované hodnoty. Typické tolerance rezistorů pro filmové rezistory se pohybují od 1 do 10%, zatímco uhlíkové rezistory mají tolerance až 20%. Rezistory s tolerancemi nižšími než 2% se nazývají přesné rezistory s rezistory nebo s nižší tolerancí, čímž jsou nákladnější. Většina pěti pásmových rezistorů jsou přesné rezistory s tolerancemi buď 1–2%, zatímco většina ze čtyř pásmových rezistorů má tolerance 5%, 10% nebo 20%. Barevný kód používaný k označení tolerance tolerance rezistoru je uveden jako jeden z následujících: Zloženie: 100% bavlna. Pokud rezistor nemá čtvrté toleranční pásmo, pak by výchozí tolerance byla 20%. Rezistor s kódovými značkami

  • Linux Shell | Qâf ScaleModels Gozo

    Linux Command Line The Linux command line is a text interface to your computer, it is a computer program that interprets commands. Allowing users to execute commands by manually typing at the terminal or has the ability to automatically execute commands which were programmed in ‘Shell Scripts’. The shell is a program that takes commands from the keyboard and presents them to the operating system to perform. On most Linux systems a program called ‘bash’ (Bourne Again Shell) acts as the shell program. Besides bash, other shell programs include ksh, tcsh, and zsh. ​ A terminal is a program called a ‘ terminal emulator ’. This program opens a window and lets you interact with the shell. There are several different terminal emulators, most Linux distributions supply a few, popular terminals are: ​ Gnome-terminal - is a free open-source terminal emulator for the GNOME desktop environment, terminal emulators allow users to access a UNIX shell while remaining on their graphical desktop. Like most of the terminal emulators in this group, it supports coloured text, a variety of themes, transparency, mouse interaction, multiple tabs, and the automatic rewrapping of text upon resizing. As well as supporting multiple profiles. ​ Konsole or Console - is a free open-source terminal emulator that is part of KDE and ships with the KDE desktop environment. Konsole is the default terminal emulator shipped with KDE. Being a KDE component, it provides the embedded terminal for many other KDE applications, including Konqueror, KDevelop, and Kate. Its features are like the default GNOME terminal but have enhanced bookmarking functions for directories and SSH. It also offers split terminals. ​ xterm - In computing, xterm is the standard terminal emulator for the X Window System. Users may have many different requests of xterm running at once on the same display, each of which provides independent input/output for the process running in it (normally the process is a Unix shell). ​ rxvt - is an acronym for ouR eXtended Virtual Terminal, it is a terminal emulator for the X Window System, and in the form of a Cygwin port, for Windows. ​ Guake – is one of a few terminal emulators with a ‘ drop-down ’ style interface, emerging from the top of your screen with the press of a hotkey. ​ Tilde – is another Quake-style drop-down terminal emulator, designed for Gtk. Its name is taken from the tilde key, the default key for invoking the Quake terminal. Tilda's default interface is extremely minimal, with no window title or border, but this can be changed in the preferences. And has several options for everything from setting key bindings, setting default size and colour, and scrolling preferences. ​ Terminator - is a terminal emulator designed to make positioning terminals within a single-window easier, it features including several key-bindings, saving of layouts, and the ability to type to multiple terminals at the same time. Mirroring much of the behaviour of the GNOME terminal. ​ Yakuake - another drop-drown terminal emulator, is part of the KDE family. If you like Konsole but prefer the Quake-style approach, this is terminal may be an option. ​ To start a terminal search through the list of programs to see if anything looks like a terminal emulator: ​ With KDE - the terminal program is called ‘ konsole ’ With Gnome - it is called ‘gnome-terminal ​ Opening a Linux terminal ​ To open the terminal, press : ​ Ubuntu and Mint - Ctrl+Alt+T gnome-terminal - press Alt+F2 , type in gnome-terminal , and press enter Raspberry Pi - type in lxterminal Linux Commands Basic Commands: pwd (password) - When opening a terminal, you are in the home directory of your user. To know which directory you are in, you can use the ‘ pwd ’.command. It provides the absolute path, which means, the path that starts from the root. The root is the base of the Linux file system. It is denoted by a forward slash ( / ). The user directory is usually something like ‘ /home/username ’. ​ ls (list) - use the ‘ls’ command to know what files are in the directory you are in, but to view hidden files use the command ‘ ls -a ’. ​ cd - Use the ‘cd’ command to go to a directory. So, if you are in the home folder, and you want to go to the Documents folder, then you can type in ‘ cd Documents ’, keep in mind, this command is case sensitive, so if you type documents, it will not work, you must type in the exact name of the folder. If you just type ‘ cd ’ and press enter, it takes you to the home directory. To go back from a folder to the folder before that, you can type ‘ cd .. ’. The two dots represent back. ​ mkdir & rmdir - use the mkdir command when you need to create a folder or a directory. For example, if you want to make a directory called ‘ Music ’, then you can type ‘mkdir Music’. Remember, as told before, if you want to create a directory named ‘ Music Albums ’, then you can type ‘ mkdir Music\ Albums ’. Use rmdir to delete a directory. But rmdir can only be used to delete an empty directory. To delete a directory containing files, use rm . ​ touch - the touch command is used to create a file. It can be anything, from an empty txt file to an empty zip file. Like, ‘ touch new.txt ’. ​ rm (remove) - use the rm command to delete files and directories, typing ‘ rm -r’ will delete just the directory. It deletes both the folder and the files it contains when using only the rm command. ​ man & --help - the man command allows users to find out more about a certain command and how to use the man command. It displays the manual pages of the command. For example, ‘ man cd ’ shows the manual pages of the cd command . Typing in the command name and the argument helps it show which ways the command can be used, such as ‘ cd –help ’. ​ cp (copy) - the cp command to copies files through the command line. It has two arguments: ​ Location of the file to be copied Where to copy ​ mv (move) - the mv command moves files via the command line. It can also be used to mv command and rename a file. Such as, if we want to rename the file ‘ tinder ’ to ‘ fire ’, we can use ‘ mv tinder fire ’. It takes the two arguments, just like the cp command. ​ locate - The locate command locates a file in a Linux system, like the search command in Windows. This command is useful when you do not know where a file is saved or the actual name of the file. Using the -i argument with the command helps to ignore the case (it is not case sensitive). So, if you want a file that has the word ‘wolf ’, it gives the list of all the files in your Linux system containing the word when you type in ‘ locate -i wolf ’. If you remember two words, you can separate them using an asterisk (*). Like, to locate a file containing the words ‘wolf" and ‘ this ’, you can use the command ‘ locate -i *wolf*this ’. ​ Intermediate Commands ​ echo - the echo command allows us to move some data, typically text into a file. For example, if you want to create a new text file or add to an already made text file, you just need to type in, ‘echo beware, the wolf is at the door >> new.txt ’ . You do not need to separate the spaces by using the backward slash here because we put in two triangular brackets when we finish what we need to write. ​ sudo - is a widely used command in the Linux command line, sudo means for ‘SuperUser Do ’ . So, if you want any command to be done with administrative or root privileges, you can use the sudo command. For example, if you want to edit a file like viz. alsa-base.conf, which needs root permissions, you can use the command ‘ sudo nano alsa-base.conf ’ . You can enter the root command line using the command ‘ sudo bash ’ , then type in your user password. You can also use the command ‘ su ’ to do this, but you need to set a root password before that. For that, you can use the command ‘sudo passwd ’ ( not misspelled, it is abbreviated to passwd ). Then type in the new root password. ​ cat - the cat command is used to display the contents of a file. It is usually used to easily view programs. ​ nano, vi, jed - nano, and vi are installed text editors in the Linux command line. The nano command text editor denotes keywords with colour and can recognise most languages, vi is simpler than nano. You can also create a new file or modify a file using this editor. Like, to make a new file named ‘ cub.txt ’, you can create it by using the command ‘ nano cub.txt ’. You can save your files after editing by using the sequence Ctrl+X, then Y (or N for no). ​ tar - use tar to work with tarballs (files compressed in a tarball archive) in the Linux command line. It can compress or un-compress different types of tar archives like .tar , .tar.gz , or .tar.bz2 . It works based on the arguments given to it, like, ‘ tar -cvf ’ for creating a .tar archive, -xvf to untar a tar archive, -tvf to list the contents of the archive. ​ df - use the df command to see the available disk space in each of the partitions in your system. Type ‘ df ’ in the command line to see each mounted partition and their used/available space in % and in KBs. If you want it shown in megabytes, you can use the command ‘ df -m ’ . ​ du (disk usage) - the du lets you know the disk usage of a file in your system. If you wish to know the disk usage for a particular folder or file in Linux, you can type in the command ‘ df ’ and the name of the folder or file. So, if you want to know the disk space used by the documents folder in Linux, you can use the command ‘ du Documents ’ . You can also use the command ‘ ls -lah ’ to view the file sizes of all the files in a folder. ​ zip, unzip - is used to compress files into a zip archive, and unzip to extract files from a zip archive. ​ uname - Use uname to show the information about the system your Linux distro is running. Using the command ‘ uname -a ’ prints most of the information about the system. This prints the kernel release date, version, or processor type. ​ apt-get - using apt allows users to work with packages in the Linux command line. Users use apt-get to install packages. This requires root privileges, so the sudo command will also be required. Such as, if you want to install the text editor vim , type in the command ‘ sudo apt-get install vim ’ . Similarly, any package can be installed this way. However, it is prudent to update your repository each time you want to install new packages. This can be done by typing ‘ sudo apt-get update ’ . Upgrading the system you type ‘ sudo apt-get upgrade ’, and for distro upgrades, type ‘ sudo apt-get ‘ dist-upgrade ’ . The command ‘ apt-cache search ’ is used to search for a package. If you want to search for one, you can type in ‘ apt-cache search vim ’, but this does not require root command. ​ chmod - use chmod to make a file executable and to change the permissions granted to it in Linux. If you have a python code-named dog.py on your computer. You will need to run ‘ python dog.py ’ every time you need to run it. Instead of that, when you make it executable, you only just need to run ‘ dog.py ’ in the terminal to run the file. To make a file executable, you can use the command ‘ chmod +x dog.py ’ . You can use ‘ chmod 755 dog.py ’ to give it root permissions or ‘ sudo chmod +x numbers.py ’ for root executable. ​ ping - is used to check your connection to a server, it is a computer network administration software utility that tests the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. When ‘ ping google.com ’ is typed it checks if it can connect to that server and come back, and also measures the round-trip time then gives displays the details about it. Most users use this command to check their internet connection. If it pings the server the internet connection is active. ​ hostname - hostname provides your name in your host or network. It displays your hostname and IP address. Typing ‘ hostname ’ gives the output. While typing in ‘ hostname -I ’ gives you your IP address in your network.

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